Due to having spring and autumn genotypes and adaptation to weather conditions, rapeseed is considered as a point hope to provide edible oil of country. Two separate experiments were set up as split-plot in a RCBD design with three replications in two fall and winter seasons during two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute to investigate the effect of sowing season and date on the quantitative and qualitative YIELDs of rapeseed genotypes in Karaj, Iran. In this study, the main plots were sowing dates (7, 17, and 27 October in fall sowing and 9 and 19 February, and 1 March in winter sowings) and sub-plots consisted of genotypes (RGS003, Dalgan, Zabol10, Hyola401, and Hyola4815). Rapeseed genotypes GRAIN and oil YIELDs were 4330 and 1840 kg ha-1 in fall sowing, respectively, while these traits were decreased 43.3 and 46.6% respectively, when rapeseed genotypes were planted in winter season. The highest GRAIN and oil YIELDs (5033 and 2202 kg ha-1) belonged to 7 October sowing date in fall sowing, while 9 February had the highest GRAIN and oil YIELDs (2996 and 1248 kg ha-1) in winter sowing. In general, the Dalgan genotype is recommended for cultivation due to suitable agronomic traits such as number of silique per plant, number of GRAIN per silique, silique length, 1000-GRAIN weight, as well as high GRAIN and oil YIELDs in cold temperate regions with arid and semi-arid climates such as Karaj, Iran.

In order to identify the correlations and relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely randomized design in greenhouse and the randomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation and post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal and moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits and the YIELD components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density and length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity and 50% of flowering were among the important and effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the seed weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-seed weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

Henbane has a high medicinal value due to the presence of hyoscyamine and scopolamine alkaloids. Improving the quality and quantity of henbane alkaloids using modern breeding methods requires evaluating the genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of henbane has been investigated using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers in several studies and the superiority of molecular markers over other markers has been proven. To this end, in 2018, the genetic diversity of 96 henbane genotypes collected from the habitats of northwest Iran was investigated using IRAP and REMAP molecular markers. For IRAP markers, out of 36 possible combinations obtained from eight LTR primers, seven combinations had a fine and scalable amplification. In the REMAP technique, the combination of 11 ISSR primers with eight LTR primers was used, and 12 combinations could be scored out of 88 possible combinations. The average amount of polymorphic information for IRAP and REMAP markers was 0. 30 and 0. 32, respectively, and the average marker index for these two markers was estimated as 2. 59 and 2. 47. Based on these criteria, REMAP marker was more efficient than IRAP in estimating the genetic diversity of henbane. In the analysis of molecular variance using IRAP and REMAP markers, intra-population variability was estimated to be higher than inter-population, which indicates the high diversity of these populations in northwestern Iran. Cluster analysis based on IRAP marker failed to separate species and populations, but REMAP marker was able to separate H. pusillus and H. reticulatus species to a high degree. A high shannon index in this research suggests that IRAP and REMAP retrotransposon markers resulted in a high genetic diversity within henbane populations with a high insertion in the genome of henbane populations.

To investigate the response of corn to combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and GRAIN YIELD (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final GRAIN YIELD of corn.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest YIELD (2276 kg.ha-1).The GRAIN YIELD and YIELD components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially GRAIN YIELD (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that GRAIN YIELD per hectare had the highest correlation with plant YIELD (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

To evaluate and identify high YIELDing triticale lines syuiable to cold, temperate and warm agro-climatic conditions of Fars province, a field experiments were carried-out in Eqlid, Zarghan, and Darab agricultural research stations in 2012-2013 growing season. Twenty-nine triticale advanced lines (received from CIMMYT) were cultivated along with Juanilo 92 variety (check) in randomized complete block design with three replications. Each plot was four meters long with 1.2 meter in width. Fertilizers were applied based on soil analysis. The results showed that the highest GRAIN YIELD (7450 kg ha-1) obtained from Darab and the lowest (2800 kg ha-1) from Eqlid. In Zarghan, Juanilo 92 variety had the highest GRAIN YIELD (7300 kg ha-1). In Darab, the highest GRAIN YIELD belonged to lines no. 2 and 21 with 8966 and 8900 kg ha-1, respectively. The results showed that the average GRAIN YIELD of lines no. 8, 7 and 21 in all three locations were 1.8, 3.5 and 12.9 percent higher than Juanilio 92, respectively.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). YIELD quantity (YIELD and its component) and quality (GRAIN protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed YIELDs were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, GRAIN protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) YIELD of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including application of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free and weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation and water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea application or no fertilizer application. Normal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control and total weed dry weight decreased to 341 and 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. GRAIN YIELD increased with application of nitrogen and nicosulfuron. GRAIN YIELD was higher with application of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen application under irrigation withholding. Application of nicosulfuron with nitrogen application provided satisfactory weed control and increased GRAIN YIELD.

Background and Objectives: Triticale is a crop species resulting from a plant breeder's cross between wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Plant breeders originally wanted to include the combination of GRAIN quality, productivity, and disease resistance of wheat with the vigor and hardness of rye. Triticale is mainly introduced as a crop which is more adapted under low-potential condition than the wheat and other small cereals. Triticale could be used as a feed GRAIN. As a feed GRAIN, triticale is already well established and of high economic importance. The aim of a triticale breeding program is mainly focused on the improvement of quantitative traits, such as GRAIN YIELD, nutritional quality and plant height, as well as traits which are more difficult to improve, such as earlier maturity and improved test weight. In order to study the relationship between GRAIN YIELD and its related traits and to select high YIELDing lines of triticale, this research was carried-out in a low-potential condition.Material and Methods: This research was conducted in Ahvaz Agricultural Research station during 2013-2014 cropping season, with 36 lines, using a-lattice design with two replications. Fertilizers were used based on soil test results. Each line was planted in six 6-meter rows with 0.2 meter spacing in Nov.8 and irrigation was done immediately. Days from germination to heading, physiological maturity and ripening stages, and GRAIN YIELD and its components were determined. Genetic variation coefficient was calculated based on GC={[(Vg-Ve)/r]/M}×100, equation in which GC, Vg, Ve, r and M are genetic variation coefficient, phenotype variance, variance of error, replication and mean trait, respectively. Data were analyzed using MSTATC software.Results: Results indicated that genotypes were significantly different for all traits. Ranges of days from germination to ear emergence and physiological maturity were 89-103 and 129-141 respectively. The highest GRAIN YIELD (4790 Kg.ha-1) and GRAIN crop growth rate (14.1 g.m-2.day-1) was belonged to line No.29. The highest genetic variation coefficients were obtained from days from germination to ear emergence (43.6%) and biological YIELD (36.4%). Range of mean GRAIN YIELD was 1898-4652 Kg/ha and lines No, : 5, 8, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26 and 29 with GRAIN YIELDs 4494, 3748, 3820, 3777, 3757, 3717, 4007, 3780 and 4651 Kg.ha-1 respectively, were selected for advanced trails.Discussions: Regarding high similarity among GRAIN YIELDs with both GRAIN growth rate (95%) and biological YIELD (86%) in cluster analysis and high genetic variation of the mentioned traits, the lines with both high biological YIELDing and GRAIN growth rate were evaluated as the optimum genetic sources for breeding programs of triticale. Lines with both traits have capability to accumulate high amount of dry matter and to allocate a large proportion of this dry matter to GRAINs.

In this study (Linum usitatissimum L.) GRAIN samples that were collected from Khalkhal, Meshkin Shahr, Baft, Mashiz, Kerman and Urmia, were selected from Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbaijan. GRAINs were grown in research farm of this center. Important characteristics of this oil and medical seed including: lenght of main and secondary stems, numbers of capsules, 1000 seeds weight, GRAIN YIELD, oil content and etc, were selected and measured in three replications. Oil content was measured using Leiboritz method. The amounts of main five fatty acids namely; Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic and Linolenic acid were detected and measured by GC. Data were analysed by Excel and SPSS software. There were significant difference among some characteristics such as numbers of capsules and oil content at 1% level of significance. Oil content had positive significant correlation with 1000 seeds weight at 1% level of significance. This study indicated that Meshkin Shahr cultivar had the highest amounts of GRAIN YIELD and oil content and therefore had the much amounts of omega 3 fatty acid. This sample was suitable for cultivation in North-western parts of our country.